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carbon are cradle-to-gate. The carbon embodied content in a Life cycle assessment (LCA)
manufactured product or material is often represented in kilo Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool or a process for assessing Requirements and Guidelines adopted from ISO 14044: 2006
CO e per kilogramme.
2 the potential environmental impacts and carbon footprint with has been referred to as the main guideline to perform life
Building life cycle well established procedures and methods by specific rules cycle assessment for embodied carbon of construction and
and standards developed by International Organisation for building materials.
CO emissions arise throughout a building’s life cycle,
2 Standardisation (ISO).
thus implying the need for assessing its environmental The inventory data consists of relevant information as presented
performance. The building life cycle has been divided into Malaysian Standard with the reference number MS ISO 14044: below:
stages, as adapted from BS EN 15978: 2011. This is as below: 2008: Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment -

Embodied Impact Operational Impact Table 1: Inventory data for construction materials
Product Stage A1: Raw Materials
(A1-A3) Supply The inventory data is divided into two (2) classifications: i) construction materials, and ii) building elements.
Classification Construction and building materials comprise raw materials that have been used in construction, while
A2: Transport
building elements are the main components of building structures.
A3: Manufacturing
Various types of construction materials and building elements have been categorised to provide alternatives to
Construction A4: Transport Types
Stage (A4-A5) stakeholders to compare and select the data values based on its impact on the environment and cost.
A5: Construction and
Installation Process Market Price The current market price for each construction material and building element (Data is current at time of
Use Stage B1: Use publication).
(B1-B7) The inventory data consists of indicators towards embodied carbon values. The range of embodied carbon
B2: Maintenance Embodied
B3: Repair Carbon in the scale utilises the UK Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) database, which reflects embodied carbon
of building materials per kilogram, and can be used to see the relative emissions associated with materials
B4: Replacement Indicator compared to one another.
B5: Refurbishment
Embodied Embodied carbon factor is usually expressed as CO e per kilogram of product or material. The embodied
2
End of Life C1: Deconstruction/ B6: Carbon carbon factor is also known as embodied carbon coefficient and it is calculated by multiplying the quantity of
Stage (C1-C4) Demolition Operational Factor each material (kg).
C2: Deconstruction/ Energy
Demolition Unit The functional unit for embodied carbon factor is kg of CO e per kg.
B7: 2
C3: Water Processing Operational The embodied carbon factor published here is based on cradle-to-gate. The cradle to the gate will include the
C4: Disposal Water Boundary extraction and production of materials and production.

Beyond the Reuse Circular Economy Source of The embodied carbon factors data are collated based on combination of local and international sources,
Building Life Embodied including MyLCID SIRIM, environmental product declaration (EPD), Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE v3.0),
Cycle Stage (D) Recovery Carbon Integrated Carbon Metrics Embodied Carbon Life Cycle Inventory Database (ICM), Building for Environmental
Benefit and and Cost Sustainability (BECS), Building Research Establishment (BRE) and other published resources.
Loads Recycling Potential Detailed information on the application, properties and performance of construction materials and building
Description elements.
Figure 2: Building life cycle

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